Globalization And U.s. Government - 2114 Words

Globalization and U.S. Government Globalization is a new term to describe social, cultural, and economic process. It is a process that describes the interaction between different social groups. Tomas L. Freidman (2005), an American journalist, columnist and author, he wrote a book called â€Å"The world is Flat†. In the article, he notices that there are three period of globalization. He named the first period of globalization the globalization 1 which lasted from 1942. In the globalization 1, only countries involved in globalization. The globalization 2 lasted from 1800 to 2000. In this period, a lot of companies from different countries got involved. The last period is from 2000 to now. In the last period, individuals also involved in†¦show more content†¦Counties could get benefit from globalization of economy through international trading. However, they also could suffer negative impacts of globalization. In modern society, the trades between countries are usual and frequent. According to Robert, through international trading, the US citizens could buy foreign products in lower prices. However, international trading is harmful for some domestic companies (2013). For instance, if US and China all produce cars. Once both country open its market to the world. China will lose its original competitive advantages because the U.S. auto companies made better cars. The cause of this result is the diversity of competitive advantages. For China, their competitive advantage is low labor costs but low technology. For the United States, they has high technology but high labor expenses. Also if some of countries join some custom unions. Those country who was not in that unions will definitely has disadvantage on international trading. Towards these types of problems, the US government made a lot of policies to protect US economy. For example, tariff is an import tax which used to protect domestic companies. The tariff raises price of import goods. It is only benefit to U.S. producers. On t he other hand, world wild business competition enhance hardness for infant companies. The US government also gift

Leadership - Self Assessment Is A Important Factor For...

LEADERSHIP - SELF REFLECTION Mid – Term Paper Submitted By Hardik Joshi MGT545X Instructor: Dr. Margie Gallo 20 October 2013 Introduction: Self-assessment is a very important factor for every individual as its helps in understanding one’s behavior, personality and leadership style, everyone needs to analyze themselves and need to improve their qualities and performance. Every human being reflects on one’s own actions as it is an essential characteristic of an individual as it seeks constant growth. Such type of thought process helps an individual to prove himself as an effective leader. According to Lussier and Achua, Effective leader are essentially the influencers and asses their own behavior and actions to set an example in the society. In today’s world many great authors has introduced many tools that are available in the market to assess its own leadership trait. Keirsey temperament theory and Lussier Aucha are the example of such sources. (Lussier Achua, 2013). After going through Keirsey sorter exercise I have a better understand of myself and made me aware of different characteristics of individual such as temperaments, types, preferences, etc. which helps me in modifying and improving one’s personality. This exercise helped me to identify my temperament type which comes out to be ISTJ who is â€Å"Guardian†. The one of the important characteristic of Guardian is that they most of time speak about their responsibilities, for they have to keep an eye andShow MoreRelatedSelf Assessment : Personality Test997 Words   |  4 PagesSelf Assessment: Personality Test We don t usually transition our personalities, morals and commitment established on what we reviewed about ourselves. A conception of our personalities can help us find character in which we will do well, and assist us staying away from circumstances in which we will have an occurrence to have much stress. For example, if you are a highly reserved person, you are likely to experience more stress in a your life in a complicated position than a highly outgoingRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Regulation On Leadership Abilities1574 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is perhaps the most well studied aspect of this research proposal, but has only minimally been looked at in relation to emotions and stressful situations. Leadership is such a broad concept that any viewing of it from a particular perspective may yield new results. Understanding if leaders can benefit from emotion regulation training is important due to the many factors that can impact leadership abilities (Arnold et al., 20 15; Foti Hauenstein, 2007). Openings and gaps in the literatureRead MoreSuicide Squad Prevention Treatment Center1711 Words   |  7 Pagesanywhere from a laid out detailed plan to just a fleeting consideration that does not include the final act of killing themselves. While the majority of young teens and adults who experience suicidal ideation do not actually follow through, some individuals may, in fact, make an attempt. Additionally, suicidal attempts can be deliberately planned to fail or actually carefully planned to succeed. At SSPTC, we know that adolescents or adults who are struggling with thoughts of suicide are most oftenRead MoreThe Planning Phase Of A Annual Expectation818 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup or individual to focus on their important issues. These workshops can place the followers and the leaders on the right track, and engaging in these workshop activities can even improve or life, the morale and restore a commitment to the groups and the organization. The t imeline would be set to a yearly expectation, but will be available to everyone year around (Responsible Conduct in Research Mentoring, n.d.). Plan and organize leadership groups to continue their ongoing leadership developments;Read MoreLeaders At All Levels Have A Responsibility For Assist And Develop Team Members Through Coaching And Guidance991 Words   |  4 Pagesand Leadership Principles - Leading Concepts, 2014). In order to be an effective leader, one has to focus on helping the individual with basic developmental needs and providing them with the tools to develop a plan. This plan will assist the individual with initiating a self-assessment to determine where they are now and where they see themselves in the future. It could also be a way of determining what it would take to reach these goals. Leaders have different personalities and leadership stylesRead MoreA Theory Of Authentic Leadership1598 Words   |  7 Pagesattention toward the behavior of individual organizational leaders. In response to repeated unethical lapses by highly visible leaders, the general public is demanding greater accountability, ca lling for positive forms of leadership in organizations in order to restore confidence in our social institutions (Avolio, Gardner, 2005; Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, Peterson, 2007; Gardner, Cogliser, Davis, Mathew, Dickens, 2011). A theory of authentic leadership has emerged in part as a responseRead MoreLeaderships Leadership Theory And Practice999 Words   |  4 Pages Leadership Self-Assessment Leaders come in all different shapes and sizes. Determining the kind of leader one will be most successful and best received by his peers can be challenging. After reviewing Northouse’s Leadership Theory and Practice, I have selected two different leadership styles that I believe will help me utilize my best attributes as a nursing leader. Transformational leadership was selected for the qualities of helping change and transform individuals at all levelsRead MorePotential Leadership Abilities Of Organizational Members1210 Words   |  5 PagesOne way to assess potential leadership abilities of organizational members is to consider the trait approach. The trait approach can be characterized as one that relies on the idea that effective leaders share common traits that support their talents to persuade or organize others toward a common idea. In the early 20th century, leadership was studied to determine what specific characteristics made a person a great leader. These ideas were developed into a theory called the â€Å"great man.† TheseRead MoreThe 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. The texts that I read in courses throughout the program influenced me greatly. One of my favorite texts was Covey’s, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective people. Ever since, I have been working on those habits and have found them to be very effective in my leadership role. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Covey, 2004), the author discussed how effective leaders habits lead to grow from dependenceRead MoreThe Leader Follower Relationship : Defining, Designing, And Biblical Truth1634 Words   |  7 PagesTruth to Global Leadership Introduction I was engaged in a dynamic conversation with a colleague in reference to subpar productivity of a particular office in which we work alongside. We went down the list of what the support staff (follower) were not doing, areas that lacked proficiency, and how to possibly address it. All of a sudden, my colleague stated, â€Å"Leadership is everything!† What is Leadership? What is Followership? Leadership is defined as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group

Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts Free Essays

The San Francisco-Marin Food Bank on Behalf of App Users By abashedly Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts, foodstuffs(TM) Donates to The San Franciscans Food Bank on Behalf of App Users 1 888 parallelism Free Mobile App Promotes Healthier Communities by Providing Weight Management Tools while Fighting Hunger Through Food Bank Donations. Oklahoma City, K footwear’s is a free app that combines weight management with feeding the hung ray by donating to food banks such as the San Francisco Marin Food Bank In San Francisco, CA. Joining a nationwide network of footwear’s affiliated food banks, the San Franciscans Food Bank continues Its work to build healthier communities while engaging locals through technology to sup port a cause. We will write a custom essay sample on Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for the the San Francisco Marin Food Bank to receive donations from footwear’s, a user must report â€Å"tweezing† (cutting calories from their food) to the app. Once footwear’s race elves the number of calories that a weight conscious consumer has chosen to eliminate from their food, the food bank will receive a donation in that amount. An equal number of nutritious calories will then b e distributed to hungry families in the area. â€Å"The SF Marin Food Bank is pleased to begin our partnership with footwear’s to enable con summer to support our work to end hunger In our community,† said Blain Johnson, Food Bank m Edie relations manager. It is important to us that footwear’s aligns with our goal to promote healthy com unities. Support from footwear’s will allow us to provide healthy food to families in need. † As a food bank that distributes 105,000 meals worth of food every day, the San Franca compare Food Bank is a partnering food bank that supports many struggling members of the communities I s serves. The 46 million pounds it distributes each year can now be supported by weight conscious, cause c onscious, consumers who appreciate the impact foodstuffs will have on their neighbors. Towhees makes it possible for consumers to be â€Å"heroes† who serve their comma entitles at no cost of time make the process of donating to their community even easier, footwear’s allows users to post a â€Å"tweak† on Faceable or Twitter which doubles or triples each donation. The approach consists of footwear’s users simply telling the app what food they ar e thinking of buying, eating or preparing. The app instantly displays images of suggested â€Å"tweets† that re move enough calories to make a positive difference but not in a way that changes the taste or leaves users hungry. To provide users with this simple tool, footwear’s maintains a corkscrewed picture e database of more than 44,000 small changes that show users how to â€Å"tweak† everything from a particular ar brand of cheeseburger at a national restaurant chain to grocery store purchases, and homemade e dishes of every kind. s proud and excited to support the San Francisco Marin Food Bank,† said Elise Shannon, footwear’s Executive Vice President of Partnership Development. â€Å"The San Francis Marin Food Bank is a highly committed and respected organization that provides outstanding service to of dimensioned members of our community. † footwear’s is rapidly expanding its partner base to food banks all across the nation, with more Joining each week, said Ms. Shannon, h erself a former food bank executive. Food banks that wish to affiliate with footwear’s may contact Ms. Shannon by email at Elise ( @ ) foodstuffs dot com dot Jay Walker, the inventor of footwear’s, is also the chairman of Patent Properties and curator of TEEMED, the health and medicine edition of the famous TED conference. A noted entrepreneur r, Mr.. Walker has founded three companies that serve more than 50 million customers. He is best know n as the creator of Principle, which brought a new level of value to the travel industry. Http:// www. foodstuffs. Com HTTPS://www. Faceable. Com/Foodstuffs HTTPS://twitter. Com/Foodstuffs HTTPS://foodstuffs. Tumbler. Com How to cite Activating Communities for Hunger Relief Efforts, Papers

Develop of Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Develop of Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale. Answer: Measuring instrument: Central Sensitizing Inventory (CSI) Central sensitization is a physiological situation of the nervous system in which, the chronic pain is developed and maintained. In this situation, the neurons of the central nervous system becomes hyperactiveand both the noxious and non-noxious stimuli becomes hypersensitive. During this, the nerves stimulus becomes persistent and this is the prime cause of pain in individuals. This phenomenon persists even after healing of the injury and it persists for a longer time. There is a group of syndromes that is known as central sensitivity syndrome such as irritable bowel pain, fibromyalgia, acute fatigue and central sensitization is one of the common etiologies for these disorders. To understand the level of pain in the patients suffering from such chronic pain, several quantitative tool has been developed (Kregel et al., 2016). According to the research of Smart et al. (2012), a cross sectional study was employed in patients with low back pain and referred for physiotherapy. After that a clinical criteria checklist containing two parts were filled by the 15 selected physicians. After filling those 38 sign and symptom-based checklist, the patients were given results with no pain and central sensitization of pain criteria. A minimum 464 subjects were selected after meeting little clinical and subjective inclusion or exclusion requirements, within which 256 were selected for nociceptive pain, 102 were selected for peripheral neuropathic pain and 106 were selected for central sensitization pain. Data screening and univariate analyses were done, in order to exclude nondiscriminatory symptoms and signs. Results were analyzed using a subsequent analysis using binary logistic regression, CSP versus non-CSP graph (Smart et al., 2012). Therefore, to perform the tests for CSI, very less instruments are needed and those instruments are easily available for the physiotherapists. To perform the test for CSI, minimum time is required as the physiotherapist will examine the pati ents symptoms and signs of pain and will fill a 38-question checklist. This test can be performed by physiotherapists, general physicians and experienced registered nurses. According to another research project by Scerbo et al. (2017), Using CSI tool for the determination of the pain level in patients suffering from chronic pain is easier and compact qualitative results are obtained from this measuring instrument. Measuring instrument: Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale Central sensitization is one of the prime reason for chronic pain in individuals suffering from disorders such as fibromyalgia, acute osteoporosis and others. There are several interventions has been developed for the measurement and identification of this amplified pain, and those measuring instruments are known as pain measuring scales. Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale (SHS) is one of such scales that are utilized to measure pain. The scale measures the level of pain by comparing state of normal people and people affected with pain. In this test, nine sensory modalities such as taste, touch, smell, hearing, allergies, pain, light, heat and cold are measured and compared with others (normal or patients affected with chronic pain). Further, a 25 questionnaire containing 25 questions were filled and analyzed by physiotherapist to determine the level of pain. According to the experiments of Mayer et al. (2012), SHS is one of the best measuring instrument for identification and measuremen t of pain. Dixon et al. (2017) developed procedure for the development of the SHS tool and for that; they conducted five studies for different aspects of the SHS scale. All the patients were named as normal in the study and all of the participants were provided with a 25-question containi8ng questionnaire. These questionnaires were prepared depending on the pain level and assessment needs and the response of each participant was assessed by an independent assessor (Mayer et al., 2012). The study 1 was to develop the questionnaire; study 2 examined the internal reliability of the scale, study 3 and 4 to develop validity, and 5 to re-access every information needed. The test was performed on patients having chronic pain syndromes and they were to answer 25 close-ended questions about their pain. The result compared the pain scores of those patients with that of the normal patients to determine the level of pain. The test needed minimal time to perform the measurement and less number o f instruments is needed for that. As in the experiment by Ang et al. (2011), the test was performed by a group of general physicians and the procedure does not require any prior training, general physicians, registered nurses, practice assistant, physiotherapist can perform the test. Measuring instrument: Fibro Problem Scale (FPS) Fibromyalgia syndrome is a complex disorder that possesses tenderness, acute pain and its symptoms are associated with other numerous syndromes such as depression, anxiety and fatigue, cognitive dysfunctioning and stiffness of muscles. There are several reasons 40 occurrence of fibromyalgia in individuals over 30 year of age such as neurological, physiological, genetic, traumatic and hormonal. The measuring scale was developed for the measuring of the level of pain in patients and it is known as Fibro Problem Scale (Neblett et al., 2015). FPS has a particular importance in patients who are affected with rheumatoid pains and according to the assessments, maximum of the patients are affected with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic syndromes with inflammatory disorders. The FPS scale primarily determines the measurements of 5 typical symptoms of the fibromyalgia, these are fatigue, fog and function, insomnia, blues, rigidity and Ow which is also known as pain and tenderness. Boomershine ( 2015) conducted a research to identify and measure the fibromyalgia related pain in patients and the measurement process includes a questionnaire that need to be filled by the patients about their level and status of pain in past few weeks. The scores obtained buy each of the patients were analyzed and was put in different categories. This FPS scale is divided into ten categories in which Zero determines no problem or the patients does not possess any fibromyalgia related problem in his/her body and Ten determines totally disabling problem or the patient is suffering from high risk for disability. Researchers provided a form containing 10 dimensions to each of these fibromyalgia patients and the patients had to fill each of these categories depending on the level of the pain they are feeling. The patients were to assess their own symptoms, and pain level by choosing options in the form (Boomershine, 2015). The procedure of the test took minimal time for the researchers and the diffi culty level was low. The patients conduct this test, as they will be filling up the forms about their status of pain.Therefore, no further training or experience is required for the staff. Hence, the test can be monitored by any of the authorities such as general physician, practice assistant, registered nurse and physiotherapists. Measuring instrument for Cortisol level in saliva The level of cortisol in saliva can be used as a screening test for a wide array of disorders including hypercortisolism, Oesophageal Visceral Hypersensitivity (OVH) and functional heartburn. The measuring technique used to determine the level of electrical activity generated by the neurons of those areas and the technique is known as CEP or cortical evoked potentials. This technique measures and generated the integrity of the sensory pathway. It represents a sequence of negative and positive voltage changes and further provides the sensory information. The level of cortical can be used to identify the oesophageal balloon distension and perfusing of acid. There are several research has been conducted about the level of cortical used to identify the level of hypersensitivity. The research conducted by Yang et al. (2006) conducted the test in 21 right-handed patients affected with functional heartburn. These patients have a long history of heartburn and the heartburn was characterized in them with pain sensation behind their chest bone. All the patients were asked for consent about the study as they were stopped providing with medication, proton pump inhibitors, anti-secretory medications and H2 receptor antagonists from 2 weeks prior to the research. The human research review committee reviewed this study and an adapted multi-lumen catheter united with manometer, acid-perfusion and balloon-distention was used to access the level of cortical. Stepwise distension protocol was used to understand the first sensitization of the pain and further the process was repeated 192 times to obtain the average value of the stimuli. Cortical evoked potentials were registered using scalp electrodes and for that, the process was analyzed using the recommendations of 10-20 international systems. One electrode was positioned on the forehead and another was positioned on the left ear of the subjects. At every stimulation, the epoch data that is the tolerance level was recorded. All recordings were displayed according to the common neurophysiological convention. The CEP data were assessed and analyzed by an autonomous operator who was experienced in neurophysiological analysis (Yang et al., 2006). Statistical result was further implemented the perception threshold and the level of pain was compared for every patient with the standard. The test process took 24 hours to be completed and needed trained and experienced physicians to continue the process (Generaal et al., 2014).Therefore, only general physicians and physiotherapists having proper knowledge of the process can continue the measurement procedure. The cost of the measuring instruments are high as measuring electrical impulses needs modern and advanced technology. Therefore, the test requires much more time and capital to be performed and the results obtain from those results can be helpful in measurement and identification of electrical impulses that leads to functional heartburn in patients. Measuring instrument: Condition Pain Modulation Condition Pain Modulation (CPM) is used to determine the endogenous capacity of analgesia in healthy as well as pain-affected patients. There are several methodology that are used to understand the elicit CPMresponses and such measuring scale uses different physiological stimulations such as tonic phase stimulation that determine the slower movement of muscles. Further, there are several other stimulations present in this category that determines the pain of cardiac disease and arterial occlusion.The scale, which is used to determine these two are painful occlusion cuff inflation scale and Ischemic stimulation. According to Hilgenberg?Sydney et al. (2016), the researchers took quantitative sensory testing model to determine the sensitivity level in patients and initially 613 volunteer femaleswere chosen for the analysis. Further exclusion criteria such as usage of analgesics, having neurological disabilities were excluded and then only 80 women were selected for the process and were divided into four segments. CPM test was performed with each of the patient. The pressure pain threshold was determined by algometer. Further, mechanical pain threshold, ischemic pain threshold and cold pressure pain threshold was also determined and a table with data containing all the statistical analysis was presented. Each test session for every subject was performed by the same assessor and the sequence of the tests was determined by draw. However, the IPT and CPM tests were performed last because of their implications in pain modulation. Three special regions were assessed in each patient, for each test such as the body of the masseter muscle at pain side or at the most painful side, named trigeminal (TG) zone; the cervical (CV) zone, at C1 and C2 level at the pain side or at the most painful side; and the thenar eminence in the palm of the non-dominant hand that was named extra trigeminal (ET) zone. Higher score in the pain threshold determined the pain level in patients. Fro m the research, it was understood that the instrumentation of this measuring instrument are difficult to use and need experience or training for application. Further, the cost of the instrumentation are high. Therefore, general physicians, physiotherapists and registered nurses having experience of conducting such test are eligible to conduct such test (La Touche et al., 2017). Measuring instrument for sympathetic functionality It is known that the determination of the functional characteristics is collected from the responses of the organs and the researchers are aiming to estimate such systematic nerve activity. These nerve activities are helpful in determination of activities that lead to cardiac diseases, sympathetic skin responses and the processes that are used to determine the heart rate variability analysis. The heart rate variability analysis helps to access the autonomic cardiac regulation and this is done through the quantification of sinus rhythm variability. The lower band derived from this determined physiological oscillation compared to the normal heart rate. The measures that are used to determine this phenomenon are Average of NN intervals, standard deviation of all NN intervals and many more. The research from Van Oosterwijck et al. (2017), determined that central sensitization is one of the major reasons of feeling of pain and in whiplash patients, is the reason of development and mainten ance of pain. The researchers conducted a systematic review to understand the level of pain in patients with such syndrome and compared it with normal people. The inclusion criteria was, patients should not be disabled and should have developed pain after any trauma. These inclusion criteria included 24 articles and 22 of them were included to understand the methodology for the sensitizing process. The researchers performed several tests such as tilt table testing to detect the light head due to the occurrence of acute pain, sympathetic skin response and so on. The researchers used six stimulations to identify the functionality. Deep tissue stimulation (Using algometry and mechanical stimuli), nerve and skin tissue stimulation (using pressure algometry in skin and muscle tissue), Thermal stimuli (using pain thresholds), Electrical stimuli (Electrical stimulation bypasses peripheral receptors), Injections or local anesthetics (to examine the role of nociceptive input), Sympathetic Va soconstrictor (to understand the involvement of in chronic whiplash-associated disorders). The results were statistically analyzed and further calculations were made based on that result (Van Oosterwijck et al., 2017). The tilt table test according to Chalayeet al. (2014), this test helps to understand the blood pressure and flow of blood through arteries and heart rate, which is responsible for the light head symptoms. Sympathetic skin responses are also used in the research to identify the level of acute pain due to different kind of stimuli. The result form the research determined that central sensitization was the prime reason behind the pain stimuli of the patient and mechanical pressure was the reason behind it. The tilt table test determined the low blood flow during the situation and the sensory testing was positive as the nerve stimuli was generating severe pain in patients. The test procedure for this sensory testing took less time in the research and the difficulty of the process was very low. Further, the determination of the tests requires training and experience as statistical analysis was dependent of the nerve stimulus. Therefore general physicians, registered nurses and assistant practitioners were able to perform the task. The cost of the procedure was average and therefore, any healthcare organization can start utilizing this technique for future prospects (Pfau et al., 2014). References Ang, D. C., Chakr, R., France, C. R., Mazzuca, S. A., Stump, T. E., Hilligoss, J., Lengerich, A. (2011). Association of nociceptive responsivity with clinical pain and the moderating effect of depression. The Journal of Pain, 12(3), 384-389. Chalaye, P., Lafrenaye, S., Goffaux, P., Marchand, S. (2014). The role of cardiovascular activity in fibromyalgia and conditioned pain modulation. PAIN, 155(6), 1064-1069. Dixon, E. A., Benham, G., Sturgeon, J. A., Mackey, S., Johnson, K. A., Younger, J. (2016). Development of the Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale (SHS): a self-report tool for assessing sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Journal of behavioral medicine, 39(3), 537-550. Generaal, E., Vogelzangs, N., Macfarlane, G. J., Geenen, R., Smit, J. H., Penninx, B. W., Dekker, J. (2014). Reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in chronic multi-site musculoskeletal pain: partly masked by depressive and anxiety disorders. BMC Musculoskeletal disorders, 15(1), 227. Hilgenberg?Sydney, P. B., Kowacs, P. A., Conti, P. C. R. (2016). Somatosensory evaluation in dysfunctional syndrome patients. Journal of oral rehabilitation, 43(2), 89-95. Kregel, J., Vuijk, P. J., Descheemaeker, F., Keizer, D., van der Noord, R., Nijs, J., ... van Wilgen, P. (2016). The Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): factor analysis, discriminative power, and test-retest reliability. The Clinical journal of pain, 32(7), 624-630. La Touche, R., Paris?Alemany, A., Hidalgo?Prez, A., Lpez?de?Uralde?Villanueva, I., Angulo?Diaz?Parreo, S., Muoz?Garca, D. (2017). Evidence for central sensitization in patients with temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta?analysis of observational studies. Pain Practice. Mayer, T. G., Neblett, R., Cohen, H., Howard, K. J., Choi, Y. H., Williams, M. J., ...Gatchel, R. J. (2012). The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Practice, 12(4), 276-285. Neblett, R., Hartzell, M. M., Cohen, H., Mayer, T. G., Williams, M., Choi, Y., Gatchel, R. J. (2015). Ability of the central sensitization inventory to identify central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. The Clinical journal of pain, 31(4), 323-332. Pfau, D. B., Krumova, E. K., Treede, R. D., Baron, R., Toelle, T., Birklein, F., ...Magerl, W. (2014). Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): reference data for the trunk and application in patients with chronic postherpetic neuralgia. PAIN, 155(5), 1002-1015. S Boomershine, C. (2015). Fibromyalgia: the prototypical central sensitivity syndrome. Current rheumatology reviews, 11(2), 131-145. Scerbo, T., Colasurdo, J., Dunn, S., Unger, J., Nijs, J., Cook, C. (2017). Measurement Properties of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Systematic Review. Pain Practice. Smart, K. M., Blake, C., Staines, A., Thacker, M., Doody, C. (2012). Mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain: part 1 of 3: symptoms and signs of central sensitisation in patients with low back (leg) pain. Manual therapy, 17(4), 336-344. Van Oosterwijck, J., Nijs, J., Meeus, M., Paul, L. (2012). Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash: A systematic literature review. European journal of pain (London, England). Yang, M., Li, Z. S., Xu, X. R., Fang, D. C., Zou, D. W., Xu, G. M., ... Tu, Z. X. (2006). Characterization of cortical potentials evoked by oesophageal balloon distention and acid perfusion in patients with functional heartburn. Neurogastroenterology Motility, 18(4), 292-299.